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Nanoparticles and enhanced antibacterial action Molecular biologists Dr Adam Truskewycz and Professor Nils Halberg showed that these nanoparticles were capable of killing several harmful bacterial species, and their effectiveness increased when paired with a dilute vinegar solution. According to Dr Truskewycz, the acidic conditions created by vinegar caused bacterial cells to swell, which allowed the nanoparticles to penetrate more effectively and attack the bacteria. How the treatment works Once exposed, the nanoparticles appear to attack dangerous bacteria from both inside the bacterial cell and also on its surface, causing them to burst. Credit: QIMR Berghofer The anti-bacterial boost in vinegar found in the study could potentially be an important contribution towards the ongoing battle against the rising antimicrobial resistance levels worldwide, with an estimated 4.5 million deaths associated with a direct infectious disease."