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a Conventional culture-based approach involves sample collection, seeding in culture media, incubation (24-48 hours for fast-growing bacteria, or several days for slow growers), and final identification using MALDI-TOF MS. b The rapid sample-to-result ID method isolates pathogens directly from the clinical sample using the microfluidic enrichment system (denoted as AutoEnricher), followed by single-cell Raman spectroscopic measurement to identify pathogens within 20 min (complete workflow and timeline in Supplementary Fig. Clinical validation of rapid sample-to-result" diagnosis of 305 patients Following the development of the culture-free, rapid enrichment system and the establishment and finetuning of a ResNet ID model, we conducted a clinical study involving 305 patients from two hospitals. To examine the effect of complex matrices of the clinical samples on the capture efficiency of the enrichment system, we tested samples with known infections of Staphylococcus capitis and E. coli at a series of enriching duration (between 0.5 to 10 min) and collected the released droplets for agar culture (Supplementary Fig. The model training and validation process was conducted using a stratified group five-fold cross-validation method to ensure that the class distribution is approximately the same in each fold and that spectra from the same isolate do not appear in both training and validation sets."