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The study found that mothers eating food from street vendors during the previous week was independently associated with typhoid," while "treatment of household drinking water was protective." It concluded that street-vended food remains a significant risk factor for typhoid transmission in urban India, underscoring the importance of sanitation facilities and point-of-use water treatment. The study stated, "Our assessment of the typhoid fever burden in India by age, state, and AMR categories in 2023 have timely public health implications to inform targeted TCV introduction and prioritisation strategies in India." It found the highest number of cases among children aged five to nine years, while hospitalisations and deaths were highest among children under five. Another 2024 study reinforced the role of socio-economic and environmental factors, stating that "risk factors include lack of sanitation, unsafe water, unsanitary latrines, family size over six, overcrowding, low socioeconomic status, and illiteracy." The study also observed that disease burden is higher in urban India, especially among the poorest households, and is not strongly associated with seasonal rainfall, indicating year-round transmission. Another Lok Sabha reply highlighted that the Department of Drinking Water and Sanitation launched the "Handbook on Drinking Water Treatment Technologies" in March 2023, followed by a "Concise Handbook for Monitoring Water Quality of Piped Drinking Water Supply to Rural Households" in December 2024 to strengthen field-level implementation."