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The end-point (72 h) abundance of invader E. coli Z1269 is plotted in e, and the end-point abundance of resident E. coli 0960 is plotted in f. Two-tailed Mann–Whitney U tests are used to compare the end-point of the invader in e with the end-point of the resident in f. In all cases, the median value of the three replicates for each community is used. The end-point (72 h) abundance of the invader is plotted in g, and the end-point abundance of the resident is plotted in h. Two-tailed Mann–Whitney U tests are used to compare the end-point abundance of the invader in g, and to compare the end-point abundance of the AMR E. coli resident in h. This impact of the community is consistent with previous work showing that diverse communities can block invasion of pathogens collectively. 3 (Methods): \(m={m}_{R}=1,\delta =D=d=0.15,{R}_{R}={r}_{R}={R}_{I}=\)\({r}_{I}=1,{C}_{R}={c}_{R}={C}_{I}={c}_{I}=1,s=1,{k}_{R}={k}_{I}=\)\(1,{K}_{R}={K}_{I}=K=10,z=0.5,g=1.\) G-J) The invader has not invested in the production of a toxin and there are no private nutrients (panel G, mI=mR =0, z=0), the invader has not invested in the production of a toxin but there are private nutrients for both strains (panel H, mI=mR =1, z=0), the invader invested in a toxin but there are no private nutrients (panel I, mI=mR=0, z=0.5), and the invader has both invested in a toxin and there are private nutrients (panel J, mI=mR =1, z=0.5). The endpoint (72h) abundance of the invader E. coli Z1269 is plotted in panel A and the endpoint abundance of the resident E. coli 0960 is plotted in panel B. Two-tailed Mann-Whitney U tests are used to compare the endpoint of the invader in communities with the highest or lowest predicted carbon-source overlap in panel A and the endpoint of the resident in panel B.